haru

I.R.Galperin's classification includes the following subdivision of expressive means and stylistic devices based on the level-oriented approach: 1.phonetic 2.lexical 3.syntactical

Y.M.Skrebnev subdivided stylistics into paradigmatic stylistics(stylistics of units) and syntagmatic stylistics(stylistics of sequences).

We don't have to look very far to find examples of metaphor. From expressions like "raining cats and dogs" to "table leg" and "old flame," everyday speech is full of examples of metaphor.With regard to "table leg," we all have experience with legs, so in calling the thing that supports a table a "leg," we know immediately that it is long, thin, straight, and that it holds the table up, just as a leg holds up a body. "Old flame," on the other hand, reflects an emotional knowledge -the way we experience love as a burning sensation, or a kind of heat. (And, in fact, many of our metaphors about love involve the idea of heat: someone's eyes might "smolder," Johnny Cash sang of a "ring of fire," etc.) In everyday speech, many metaphors are so subtle that we use them without realizing it.

Connotative meaning is only connected with extra-linguistic circumstances such as the situation of communication and the participants of communication. Connotative meaning consists of four components: 1) emotive; 2) evaluative; 3) expressive; 4) stylistic.

The denotative meaning of a word is its literal meaning – the definition you’d find in the dictionary.