Saniya_Ussenova

Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive features of each style and not the language means or stylistic devices themselves. Each style, however, can be recoquized by one or more leading features which are especially conspicuous. For instance the use of special terminology is a lexical characteristics of the style of scientific prose, and one by which it can easily be recognized. A style of language can be fined as a system of coordinated, interrelated and inter-coordinated language means intended to full-fill a specific function of communication and aiming at a defined effect. Style of language is a historical category. The English lit…

Rhyme Rhyme /raim / is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds, chaining two or more lines of a poem. Rhyme has several functions: • it adds a musical quality to the poem; • it makes the poem easier to remember; • it affects the pace and tone of the poem. There are several different types of rhyme: 1. True/perfect/full rhyme (точная)-identical sounds correspond exactlyBoat-float; might-right; kite-night; day-say; goes-flows 2. Incomplete/imperfect/half rhyme/slant rhyme (приблизительная):fresh-flesh; road-boat; loads-lads; honour-won her (составная). 3. Eye-rhyme (видимая, приблизительная):advice-compromise; have-grave; love-prove; flood-doom (ассонансы и консонансы) 4. End rhymes (концевая) fall at the end of the lines. They mark the end of the line. 5. Internal rhymes (вн…

The noun onomatopoeia is thought to has been first used in around 1577 AD. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the word onomatopoeia originates from the Greek word onomatopoiia meaning 'word-making'. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary reports the onomatopoiia is derived from the Greek onoma 'name' and poiein 'to make'. Examples: achoo—used to represent the sound of a sneeze ahem—used especially to attract attention or to express disapproval or embarrassment baa-to make the bleat of a sheep bah—used to express disdain or contempt bam-a sudden loud noise —often used interjectionally to indicate a sudden impact or occurrence <was fine, then bam, he lost his job> bang-1: to strike sharply : <banged his knee>2: to knock, hit, or thrust vigorously often with a sharp noise <banged the…

L i t o t e s is a stylistic device consisting of a peculiar use of negative constructions.. Litotes is a deliberate understatement used to produce a stylistic effect. It is not a pure negation, but a negation that includes affirmation. So the negation in litotes must not be regarded as a mere denial of the quality mentioned. The structural aspect of the negative combination backs up the semantic aspect: the negatives no and not are more emphatically pronounced than in ordinary negative sentences, thus bringing to mind the corresponding antonym.The stylistic effect of litotes depends mainly on intonation. If we compare two intonation patterns, one which suggests a mere denial (It is not bad as a contrary to It is bad) with the other which suggests the assertion of a positive quality of th…

Enumeration is a SD by which separate things, properties or actions are brought together and form a chain of grammatically and semantically homogeneous parts of the utterance. Sometimes absolutely heterogeneous notions are made homogeneous from the semantic point of view. e. g. She wasn't sure of anything and more, of him, herself, their friends, her work, her future. Asyndeton is a deliberate avoidance of conjunctions in constructions in which they would normally used. e.g. He couldn't go abroad alone, the sea upset his liver, he hated hotels.Polysyndeton - is a deliberate usage (overuse) of connectives between the parts of the sentence. It’s mostly identical repetition of conjunctions: used to emphasize simultaneousness of described actions, to disclose the authors subjective attitude t…

The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.

examples:

A bicycle can't stand alone because it is two-tired.

When a clock is hungry it goes back four seconds.
He often broke into song because he couldn't find the key.

Zeugma- A rhetorical term for the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although  
its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one.

You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit."
"He carried a strobe light and the responsibility for the lives of his men."
"[H]e was alternately cudgelling his brains and his donkey when, passing  
workhouse, his eyes encountered the bill on the gate."

Hyperbole, the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect. In formal writing the hyperbole must be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and should be carefully restricted. That is, do not exaggerate everything, but treat hyperbole like an exclamation point, to be used only once a year. Then it will be quite effective as a table-thumping attention getter, introductory to your essay or some section thereof: There are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy. Or it can make a single point very enthusiastically: I said "rare," not "raw." I've seen cows hurt worse than this get up and get well. Or you can exaggerate one thing to show how really different it is from something supposedly similar to which it is being compared: T…

Metonymy-a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty"). Metonymy is also the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it, such as describing someone's clothing to characterize the individual. Examples and Observations: "Many standard items of vocabylary are metonymic. A red-letter day is important, like the feast days marked in red on church calendars. . . . On the level of slang, a redneck is a stereotypical member of the white rural working class in the Southern U.S., originally a reference to necks sunburned from working in the fields."(Connie Eble, "Metonymy." The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992) "Fear gives wings."(Romanian proverb…

"What's the life?" is the question of previous lesson. Life is like a piece of paper. Someone will write an anecdote,story or even roman on it. But manuscripts won't burn)))))))))))))) Life is like dancing. If we have a big floor, many people will dance. Some will get angry when the rhythm changes. But life is changing all the time. Miguel Angel Ruiz Life is like a coin. You can spend it any way you wish, but you only spend it once. Lillian Dickson Life is like a blanket too short. You pull it up and your toes rebel, you yank it down and shivers meander about your shoulder; but cheerful folks manage to draw their knees up and pass a very comfortable night. Marion Howard Life is like a beautiful melody, only the lyrics are messed up. Author Unknown Life is like sailing. You can use any win…

Stylistic analysis in linguistics refers to the identification of patterns of usage in speech and writing. Stylistic analysis in literary studies is usually made for the purpose of commenting on quality and meaning in a text. Stylistics, in other words, is the study of style used in literary and verbal language and the effect writer or speaker wishes to communicate to the reader or hearer. It attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language, such as socialization, the production or reception of meaning, literary criticism and critical discourse analysis. A literary genre can be seen as a set of style characteristics that is commonly recognized and agreed upon. For example, prose and poetry, the latt…