It was important for us to revise, to refresh and to learn different SD and EM and their classification. I think, that stylistics is a modern science and it still remains big area of investigation and discoveries. And all scientists “testify” upon stylistics in a different way including domestic and foreign language experts.
The first author who brought up the classification of language’s units was V.V.Vinogradov. He defined style as «socially recognized and functionally conditioned internally united totality of the ways of using, selecting and combining the means of course in the sphere of one national language or another...». Galperin offered his definition of style is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication.»
Classification of SD and EM (Table 1)
Table - 1
SD and EM |
I. R. Galperin |
V. A. Kukharenko |
Yu. M. Skrebnev |
Epithet |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and emotive meanings |
lexical SDs |
- |
Metaphor |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings |
lexical SDs |
paradigmatic semasiology (onomasiology) units figures of quality |
Simile |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings |
lexico-syntactic SDs |
units of syntagmatic semasiology (onomasiology) figures of identity |
Comparison |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings |
lexico-syntactic SDs |
units of syntagmatic semasiology (onomasiology) figures of identity |
Metonymy |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings |
lexical SDs |
paradigmatic semasiology (onomasiology) units figures of quality |
Synecdoche |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings |
paradigmatic semasiology (onomasiology) units figures of quality | |
Antonomasia |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings |
paradigmatic semasiology (onomasiology) units, or figures of replacement figures of quality | |
Oxymoron |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and emotive meanings |
lexical SDs |
units of syntagmatic semasiology figures of contrast |
Antithesis |
lexical SDs and Ems syntactical SDs and EMs |
lexico-syntactic SDs |
units of syntagmatic semasiology figures of contrast |
Personification |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings |
paradigmatic semasiology figures of quality | |
Hyperbole |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings |
lexical SDs |
paradigmatic semasiology figures of quantity |
Understatement/ meiosis |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings |
lexical SDs |
paradigmatic semasiology figures of quantity |
Litotes |
syntactical SDs and EMs |
lexico-syntactic SDs |
- |
Periphrasis |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings |
lexico-syntactic SDs |
- |
Euphemism |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings | ||
Irony |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings |
lexical SDs |
paradigmatic semasiology figures of quality |
Pun |
lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings |
lexical SDs |
units of syntagmatic semasiology figures of inequality |
Let’s revise all material (Table 2)
Table of SD and EM. Table -2
Sentences