---
title: "Graphical EMs"
description: "According to V. A. Kukharenko To phono-graphical EMs belong: onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, ..."
author: "meiramgul_m"
published: "2014-04-28T11:37:04+00:00"
modified: "2014-05-03T10:44:13+00:00"
locale: "ru"
canonical_url: "https://yvision.kz/post/graphical-ems-411546"
markdown_url: "https://yvision.kz/post/graphical-ems-411546/markdown"
site_name: "Yvision.kz"
---

# Graphical EMs

> According to V. A. Kukharenko To phono-graphical EMs belong: onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, ...

According to V. A. Kukharenko

To **phono-graphical EMs *belong:*** onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, and *graphon*

To **graphical** **EMs :** italics, capitalization, spacing of lines, and spacing of graphemes, such as hyphenation and multiplication.

And about graphical EMs separately:

**Capitalization** [kə·pitəlai'zei©(ə)n] – some common nouns written with capital letters. Capitalization takes place in the following cases:
- In address or personification, which gives some importance and solemnity to the text.

- To show that words are pronounced with emphasis or loudly.

E.g.: And there was dead silence. Till at last came the whisper: “I didn’t kill Henry. No, NO!” (D. H. Lawrence)

“WILL YOU BE QUIET!” he bawled. (A. Sillitoe)

![Graphical EMs](https://storage.yvision.kz/images/user/meiramgul_m/qysK3D9GRz8Ygh4JoVxVF394V4V8Mx.jpg)

**Grapheme multiplication** ['græfi:m·m¬ltipli'kei©(ə)n] is a way of showing the speech intensity.

E.g.: A**lllll** aboa**rrrrr**d! (Ch. Dickens)

… open your eyes for that l**aaaaa**rge sun. (A. Wesker)

**Graphon** ['græfn] (from Greek γράφω – “I am writing”) – the intentional word/word combination graphical shape violation used to reflect authentic pronunciation.

Some graphons show the physical defects of the speaker (stumbling, lisping, etc.).

![Graphical EMs](https://storage.yvision.kz/images/user/meiramgul_m/VFsG6AD0QwW3EGLK88P9E52971xP0l.jpg)

**Clichés:**

gimme (give me) lemme (let me)

coupla (couple of) mighta (might have)

gonna (going to) gotta (got to)

willya (will you), etc.

 

**Hyphenation** [·haifə'nei©n] – the reflection of rhymed or clipped manner in which a word is uttered.

E.g.: Adieu you, old man, I pity you, and I **de – spise** you. (Th. Dreiser)

I really do **n – o – t** love you.

![Graphical EMs](https://storage.yvision.kz/images/user/meiramgul_m/LvAk1JUvtVU2m6gKp268C35iOGy9IZ.jpg)

**Italics** [i'tæliks] – sloping letters used for the following purposes:

*- To show foreign words that are considered alien for the text.*

E.g.: I want to tell you something *tête-à–tête*.

*- To produce the effect of emphasis.*

E.g.: Now listen, Ed, stop that, now. I’m desperate. I *am* desperate, Ed, do you hear? (Th. Dreiser)

![Graphical EMs](https://storage.yvision.kz/images/user/meiramgul_m/bMsnnXCas5S8zWFKs8XY8I6JLxOVdb.jpg)

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Source: [https://yvision.kz/post/graphical-ems-411546](https://yvision.kz/post/graphical-ems-411546)