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23:12, 17 февраля 2013

Metaphor, simile, metonymy, personification

Metaphors are used to help us understand the unknown, because we use what we know in comparison with something we don't know to get a better understanding of the unknown.

The simplest and also the most effective poetic device is the use of comparison. For example, "The (first thing) is the (second thing). Remember, the "two things" are unlike. Metaphors use the verb "to be." It might almost be said that poetry is founded on two main means of comparing things: simile and metaphor. We heighten our ordinary speech by the continual use of such comparisons as "fresh as a daisy," "tough as leather," "comfortable as an old shoe," "it fits like the Paper on the wall," "gay as a lark," "happy as the day is long, pretty as a picture." These are all recognizable similes; they use the words "as" or "like."

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A metaphor is a comparison. A metaphor establishes a relationship at once; it leaves more to the imagination. It is a shortcut to the meaning; it sets two unlike things side by side and makes us see the likeness between them. When Robert Burns wrote "My love is like a red, red rose" he used a simile. When Robert Herrick wrote "You are a tulip" he used a metaphor.

Metaphor of loosing money

Metaphor of loosing money

 

Metaphor: Heart of stone

Comparaison: A heart to a rock

Analogies:
Heart is cold
Heart is hard
Heart is unmoving
Heart is uncaring
Heart is heavy
Can't open their heart

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Metaphor: the silence was a blood-curdling scream of anguish, set out to break my soul

Comparaison: silence to a painful scream

Analogies:
the silence was painful
the silence was deafening
the silence was breaking my will
the silence is a killer
the silence was a punishment

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Metaphor: life is a mere dream, a fleeting shadow on a cloudy day.

Comparaison: Life to a short hazy memory.

Analogies:
life is short
life passes quickly
life is hazy
life is but a dream
a glimpse of life is short and hazy

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Simile

figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as.

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"Simile and Metaphor differ only in degree of stylistic refinement. The Simile, in which a comparison is made directly between two objects, belongs to an earlier stage of literary expression: it is the deliberate elaboration of a correspondence, often pursued for its own sake. But a Metaphor is the swift illumination of an equivalence. Two images, or an idea and an image, stand equal and opposite; clash together and respond significantly, surprising the reader with a sudden light."

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Metonymy

Metonymies are frequently used in literature and in everyday speech. Ametonymy is a word or phrase that is used to stand in for another word. Sometimes a metonymy is chosen because it is a well-known characteristic of the word.

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One famous example of metonymy is the saying, "The pen is mightier than the sword," which originally came from Edward Bulwer Lytton's play Richelieu. This sentence has two examples of metonymy:

  • The "pen" stands in for "the written word"
  • The "sword" stands in for "military aggression and force"

Metonymy is also the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it, as in describing someone's clothing to characterize the individual

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The metonymic Golden Arches logo of McDonald's Corporation

 

Personification

Personification is the technique of giving a non-human thing human qualities such as hearing, feeling, talking, or making decisions.  Writers use personification to emphasize something or make it stand out.

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Personification makes the material more interesting and creates a new way to look at every day things

 

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