All stylistic means of a language can be divided into expressive means, which are used in some specific way, and special devices called stylistic devices. The expressive means of a language are those phonetic means, morphological forms, means of word-building, and lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms, all of which function in the language for emotional or logical intensification of the utterance. These intensifying forms of the language have been fixed in grammars and dictionaries. Some of them are normalized, and good dictionaries label them as intensifiers. In most cases they have corresponding neutral synonymous forms.
Expressive means (EM) are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance. (I.R.G)
Stylistic device (SD) is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R.G.)
Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (I.R.Galperin)
There are 4 groups.
1. The interaction of different types of lexical meaning.
a) 2 logical (dictionary and contextual ): metaphor, metonymy, irony;
b) primary and derivative (zeugma, pun, semantically false chain);
c) logical and emotive (epithet, oxymoron);
d) logical and nominal (antonomasia);
2. Intensification of a feature (simile, hyperbole, periphrasis).
3. Peculiar use of set expressions (cliches, proverbs, epigrams, quotations).
4. Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meaning.
Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (LSD)
(I.R.Galperin, V.A.Kucharenko)
|
Interrelation of two logical meanings |
Interrelation of Logical and Emotive meanings |
Interrelation of Logical and Nominal meanings |
Interrelation of Logical and Phrased meanings |
|
Metaphor |
Epithet |
Antonomasia |
Zeugma |
|
Metonymy |
Oxymoron |
Pun | |
|
Irony |
Hyperbole |
Semantically | |
|
False | |||
|
Chain | |||