Sd and EM

It was important for us to revise, to refresh and to learn different SD and EM and their classification. I think, that stylistics is a modern science and it still remains big area of investigation and discoveries. And all scientists “testify” upon stylistics in a different way including domestic and foreign language experts.

The first author who brought up the classification of language’s units was V.V.Vinogradov. He defined style as «socially recognized and functionally conditioned internally united totality of the ways of using, selecting and combining the means of course in the sphere of one national language or another...». Galperin offered his definition of style is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication.»

Classification of SD and EM (Table 1)

Table - 1

SD and EM	I. R. Galperin	V. A. Kukharenko	Yu. M. Skrebnev
Epithet	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and emotive meanings	lexical SDs	-
Metaphor	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings	lexical SDs	paradigmatic semasiology (onomasiology) units figures of quality
Simile	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings	lexico-syntactic SDs	units of syntagmatic semasiology (onomasiology) figures of identity
Comparison	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings	lexico-syntactic SDs	units of syntagmatic semasiology (onomasiology) figures of identity
Metonymy	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings	lexical SDs	paradigmatic semasiology (onomasiology) units figures of quality
Synecdoche	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings		paradigmatic semasiology (onomasiology) units figures of quality
Antonomasia	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings		paradigmatic semasiology (onomasiology) units, or figures of replacement figures of quality
Oxymoron	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and emotive meanings	lexical SDs	units of syntagmatic semasiology figures of contrast
Antithesis	lexical SDs and Ems syntactical SDs and EMs	lexico-syntactic SDs	units of syntagmatic semasiology figures of contrast
Personification	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings		paradigmatic semasiology figures of quality
Hyperbole	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings	lexical SDs	paradigmatic semasiology figures of quantity
Understatement/ meiosis	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings	lexical SDs	paradigmatic semasiology figures of quantity
Litotes	syntactical SDs and EMs	lexico-syntactic SDs	-
Periphrasis	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings	lexico-syntactic SDs	-
Euphemism	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of logical and nominative meanings
Irony	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings	lexical SDs	paradigmatic semasiology figures of quality
Pun	lexical SDs and Ems based on the interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings	lexical SDs	units of syntagmatic semasiology figures of inequality

Let’s revise all material (Table 2)

Table of SD and EM. Table -2

Blog post image

Sentences

Blog post image