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08:24, 31 марта 2012

Pun. Zuegma. Irony

Pun

The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use and abuse of homophonichomographicmetonymic, or metaphorical language. A pun differs from a malapropism in that a malapropism uses an incorrect expression that alludes to another (usually correct) expression, but a pun uses a correct expression that alludes to another (sometimes correct but more often absurdly humorous) expression. Henri Bergson defined a pun as a sentence or utterance in which "two different sets of ideas are expressed, and we are confronted with only one series of words". Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, given that their usage and meaning are entirely local to a particular language and its culture. For example, camping is intense (in tents).

Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. Puns have long been used by comedy writers, such as William ShakespeareOscar Wilde, and George Carlin. The Roman playwright Plautus is famous for his tendency to make up and change the meaning of words to create puns in Latin.

  • A man's home is his castle, in a manor of speaking.
  • A gossip is someone with a great sense of rumor.
  • At a hearing aid center: 'Let us give you some sound advice.'
  • I wanted to be a stenographer, but they told me they are not short-handed at the moment.
  • Without geometry, life is pointless.


Zeugma

Zeugma is a fun rhetorical device, an important figure of speech, wherein a single word is used to denote two or more words in a sentence and is fraught with literal and metaphorical undertones. Like most other figures of speech, even this rhetoric device draws its name from the Greek word 'zeugma', meaning 'yoking' or 'bonding.' One unique thing about zeugma is that it taps on several nuances of a verb, and the result is often a big surprise.

Functioning as a verb, zeugma serves as a grammatical cord, trussing together the parts of a sentence. This part of figurative language helps in making the literary works and conversation more efficacious. Besides, it serves to embellish and emphasize a sentence, thereby escalating its beauty to greater heights. It also makes the sentence unique and delivers the actual idea in a very pictorial and impressive style. The frequent use of zeugma can be well perceived in the literary works of the 17th century.

The writers and poets exploited this rhetorical device to add simplicity or vividness to a long passage, to build up the plot in a precise manner or to indicate connections between the elements used in the plot. Scroll down this write-up to explore the examples of zeugma.

Examples of Zeugma from Literature

  • "And all the people      saw the thundering, and the lightning, and the noise of the trumpet, and      the mountain smoking: and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood      afar off." From      the Bible.
  • "You held your      breath and the door for me."
  • He lost his coat and his      temper.
  • She opened the door and      her heart to the orphan.
  • She exhausted both her      audience and her repertoire, by Anonymous.
  • To wage war and peace.

Irony

Irony is a twist of a story line, usually with a moral, or a satiric context. It's a common literary device to create a situation and make a point in context. It's frequently based on the character of a subject, using the contrast between the known character and the story.

Examples of irony

(Traditional folk tale)

A mother rabbit was speaking, endlessly it seemed, to a lioness about the achievements of her many children. She asked if the lioness had any children. The lioness said. Yes, I have only one. But it's a lion. (Aesop's Fables)



 
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